About Nouns
The following discussion has been contributed by Saikat Rudra
About Nouns Â
যত রকমের বসà§à¦¤à§, বà§à¦¯à¦•à§à¦¤à¦¿, পà§à¦°à¦¾à¦£à§€, à¦à¦¾à¦¬ ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ আছে তাদের চার শà§à¦°à§‡à¦£à¦¿à¦°Â noun-ঠà¦à¦¾à¦— করা যায় ঃ
- Common noun [ জাতিবাচক বিশেষà§à¦¯ ]   –  man, woman, girl, boy, river, student, etc.
- Proper noun  [ নামবাচক বিশেষà§à¦¯ ]      –  Kolkata, Ganga, Rabindranath, Mozart
- Abstract noun [ à¦à¦¾à¦¬à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• বিশেষà§à¦¯ ]     –  joy, chivalry, worry, courage
- Collective noun [ সমষà§à¦Ÿà¦¿à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• বিশেষà§à¦¯ ]  –  group, flock, fleet, swarm, band
Mimi, a five-year old girl in the group, shouted with joy.
Mimi | Proper noun |
girl | Common noun |
group | Collective noun |
joy | Abstract noun |
noun -কে দেখে চেনার কয়েকটি সহজ উপায় আছে ঃ
[a] সাধারণত যেসব word-à¦à¦° শেষে থাকে ment, ity, ssion, tion ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ suffix ঃ
- ment – parliament, government, development, shipment, betterment, establishment ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- ity –  city, university, veracity, pity, parity, validity, polity, integrity ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- ssion – session, mission, admission, possession, depression, obsession, submission ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- tion – station, fiction, motion, notion, potion, natation, ration, vacation, corporation ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- ness – business, idleness, sickness, baldness, weirdness, coarseness, hoarseness ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿à¥¤
- ism – communism, militarism, cubism, paganism, hinduism, imperialism, consumerism ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- ist – fist, gist, mist, list, protagonist, dramatist, egoist, socialist, vocalist, tourist ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ । Â
- hood – boyhood, childhood, falsehood, livelihood, neighbourhood, knighthood ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- acy – bureaucracy, democracy,  accuracy, adequacy, delicacy, diplomacy, intimacy ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿à¥¤
- ery – bravery, drapery, archery, artillery, battery, bribery, artery, lottery, pottery ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- or  –  narrator, translator, orator, accelerator, rotor, administrator, assessor, contributor ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
- er  –  achiever, adventurer, explorer, smoker, believer, canvasser, dancer, fighter ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
সহজে চেনার চিহà§à¦¨à¦—à§à¦²à§‹à¦° কথা বলা হলেও à¦à¦—à§à¦²à§‹à¦‡ সব নয় à¦à¦¬à¦‚ আরও অনেক রকম চেহারা আছে  noun-à¦à¦° ।
[b]  আরেকà¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡ চেনা যায় noun-কে । যদি word-à¦à¦° শেষে s / es / ies জà§à¦¡à¦¼à§‡ তার plural number করা যায় তবে বোà¦à¦¾ যাবে সেটা noun ।  অবশà§à¦¯ শà§à¦§à§ countable noun-কেই à¦à¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡ বোà¦à¦¾ যায় ।
city | cities |
doll | dolls |
parliament | parliaments |
phantom | phantoms |
[c]   common  à¦à¦¬à¦‚ collective noun-à¦à¦° আগে article a/ an/ the বসান যাবে । বিশেষ বিশেষ কà§à¦·à§‡à¦¤à§à¦°à§‡ ছাড়া proper  à¦à¦¬à¦‚ abstract noun-à¦à¦° আগে article বসে না ।
      a train, an artisan, the harbour, the fleet
Nouns : singular/ plural
যেসব noun countable  অরà§à¦¥à¦¾à§Ž গোনা যায় তাদেরই  plural number হয় । plural করার কিছৠসাধারণ নিয়ম আছে। Â
[a]  সাধারণত  s যোগ করে ।
eye – eyes, door – doors, street – streets, tense – tenses
[b]  যেসব noun-à¦à¦° শেষে ss, sh, ch, x থাকে তাদের  plural-ঠযোগ হয় es ।
boss – bosses,  brush – brushes,  watch – watches,   tax  –  taxes
বà§à¦¯à¦¤à¦¿à¦•à§à¦°à¦®  ঃ  ch-à¦à¦° উচà§à¦šà¦¾à¦°à¦£ k  হলে  plural- ঠ es-à¦à¦°  বদলে  s  যোগ হবে ।   stomach – stomachs ।
[c] noun-à¦à¦° শেষে o থাকলে plural-ঠes যোগ হয় ।
potato – potatoes,  mango – mangoes, volcano – volcanoes ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ । তবে à¦à¦° অনেক বà§à¦¯à¦¤à¦¿à¦•à§à¦°à¦®à¦“ আছে । photo – photos,  piano – pianos, bamboo – bamboos ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ । Â
[d] শেষে  y  থাকলে,  y হয়ে যায় i à¦à¦¬à¦‚ যোগ হয় es |
city –  cities,  baby – babies,  story  – stories
বà§à¦¯à¦¤à¦¿à¦•à§à¦°à¦®  ঃ   কিনà§à¦¤à§  y à¦à¦° আগে vowel থাকলে শà§à¦§à§  s যোগ হবে । Â
boy – boys, Â day – days, ray – rays
[f] যেসব  noun-à¦à¦° শেষে  f  অথবা fe থাকে সেখানে f / fe  সরে গিয়ে যোগ হয় ves । Â
leaf – leaves, Â life – lives, Â half – Â halves, thief – Â thieves
বà§à¦¯à¦¤à¦¿à¦•à§à¦°à¦®Â ঃ  chief – chiefs, roof – roofs,  proof – proofs ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
[g] কিছৠকিছৠ word-à¦à¦° plural  হয় তাদের à¦à§‡à¦¤à¦°à§‡à¦° vowel à¦à¦° পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ ঘটিয়ে ।
foot – feet,  man – men,  woman – women,  mouse – mice,  tooth – teeth ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
*  computer-à¦à¦° mouse-à¦à¦° plural কিনà§à¦¤à§ mouses ।
[h] কিছৠnoun-à¦à¦° plural  হয় à¦à¦‡à¦¸à¦¬ নিয়মের বাইরে ।
ox – oxen,  child – children,   brother (à¦à¦•ই ধরà§à¦®à¦¾à¦¬à¦²à¦®à§à¦¬à§€ বোà¦à¦¾à¦²à§‡) – brethren
* brother  (à¦à¦¾à¦‡) – brothers (pl)
[i]  কিছৠnoun-à¦à¦° চেহারা  plural-à¦à¦° মতো হলেও singular à¦à¦¬à¦‚ plural দà§à¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡à¦‡ বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à§ƒà¦¤ হতে পারে ।
politics, mechanics, electronics, physics ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
[j]  compound noun-à¦à¦°  plural  :
Singular | Plural |
advocate general | advocates general |
assistant manager | assistant managers |
bookshelf | bookshelves |
branch manager | branch managers |
check-in | check-ins |
city father | city fathers |
commander-in-chief | commanders-in-chief |
doctor of science | doctors of science |
five-year-old | five-year-olds |
floppy disk | floppy disks |
lady doctor | lady doctors |
lieutenant general | lieutenant generals |
man-at-arms | men-at-arms |
manservant | menservants |
milestone | milestones |
minister of state | ministers of state |
officer-in-charge | officers-in-charge |
output | outputs |
passer-by | passers-by |
Poet Laureate | Poets Laureate |
policeman | policemen |
son-in-law | sons-in-law |
 still life | still lifes [not still lives] |
washing machine | washing machines |
                           Â
লকà§à¦· করে দেখ, compound noun  সাধারণত গঠিত হয় à¦à¦•াধিক noun নিয়ে, অথবা à¦à¦•টি  nounà¦à¦° সঙà§à¦—ে adjective, verb, adverb অথবা  preposition যোগ করে । সাধারণত পà§à¦°à¦§à¦¾à¦¨ nounটিরই plural হয় ।
[k]  Greek, Latin, Italian ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿  à¦à¦¾à¦·à¦¾à¦° যেসব  শবà§à¦¦ অবিকৃতà¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡ ইংরেজিতে আছে তাদের plural number অনà§à¦¸à¦°à¦£ করে মূল à¦à¦¾à¦·à¦¾à¦•েই, তবে অনেক কà§à¦·à§‡à¦¤à§à¦°à§‡ তা পাশাপাশি ইংরেজি নিয়মকেও অনà§à¦¸à¦°à¦£ করে । নিচে কিছৠউদাহরণ দেওয়া হল  ঃ
Singular | Plural |
alga | algae |
alumnus | alumni |
analysis | analyses |
axis | axes |
bandit | banditti / bandits |
basis | bases |
cactus | cacti / cactuses |
corrigendum | corrigenda |
crisis | crises |
criterion | criteria |
datum | data / datums * |
focus | Â foci / focuses |
formula | formulae / formulas |
forum | fora / forums |
fungus | fungi / funguses |
genius | genii / geniuses |
hypothesis | hypotheses |
index | indices / indexes |
medium | media / mediums |
memorandum | memoranda / memorandums |
millennium | millennia |
phenomenon | phenomena / phenomenons |
radius | radii / radiuses |
syllabus | syllabi / syllabuses |
terminus | termini / terminuses |
thesis | theses |
ulna | Â ulnae / Â ulnas |
* [বরà§à¦¤à¦®à¦¾à¦¨à§‡ singular ও  plural উà¦à¦¯à¦¼ কà§à¦·à§‡à¦¤à§à¦°à§‡à¦‡ data-র বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° সà§à¦¬à§€à¦•ৃত । All the  data are available on my hard disks. I have deleted this data from my computer. ]                       Â
[l] কিছৠnoun আছে যাদের singular-à¦à¦° অরà§à¦¥ à¦à¦•টা, কিনà§à¦¤à§ plural-à¦à¦° দà§à¦Ÿà¦¿ আলাদা  অরà§à¦¥ ।
কিছৠউদাহরণ  ঃ
Singular | Meaning | Plural | Meaning |
colour | hue | colours | [i] hues [ii] a distinguishing badge or flag |
custom | habitual practice | customs | [i] habitual practices [ii] duties or taxes on imports and, sometimes, exports |
manner | method | manners | [i] methods [ii] etiquette |
premise | proposition on which a conclusion is based | premises |
[i] propositions on which conclusions are based [ii] land and building(s) on it |
 quarter |  fourth  part | quarters | [i] fourth parts [ii] accommodations |
 spectacle |  sight |  spectacles | [i] sights [ii] eye-glasses |
                                                       Â
[m]  কিছৠকিছৠnoun    singular  à¦à¦¬à¦‚   plural-ঠà¦à¦•ই রকম থাকে ।
- deer – deer
- sheep – sheep
- moose – Â moose
- aircraft – aircraft
- spacecraft  –  spacecraft  ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।
[n]  কিছৠuncount noun আছে যাদের নিয়ে অনেক সময় সনà§à¦¦à§‡à¦¹ দেখা দেয় à¦à¦¬à¦‚ তার ফলে à¦à§à¦²à¦“ ঘটে । à¦à¦®à¦¨ কিছৠnoun-à¦à¦° উদাহরণ  ঃ
advice, baggage, equipment, furniture, information, luggage,  ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।  à¦à¦¦à§‡à¦°  plural-ঠপà§à¦°à¦¯à¦¼à§‹à¦— করতে হলে আগে a piece of, pieces of, a bit of, bits of, an item of, items of, some ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿  বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° করতে হবে।
- My boss gave me some advice on my new job.
- Each passenger  is allowed two 20-kg pieces of luggage.
- The police got an important piece of information from the neighbour.
- I lost three items of my baggage in the railway station.
[o]  proper noun- à¦à¦°   plural হয় না কারণ তা কোনও নিরà§à¦¦à¦¿à¦·à§à¦Ÿ বà§à¦¯à¦•à§à¦¤à¦¿ বা বসà§à¦¤à§à¦° নাম । কিনà§à¦¤à§ common noun-à¦à¦° মতো বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à§ƒà¦¤ হলে তার plural হতে পারে । যেমন, There are three Tintins in our neighbourhood.
[p] letter [a, b, c]  ও  figure-à¦à¦° [ 1,2,3 ]  plural   করতে হবে à¦à¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡  ঃ
- ‘Embarrass’ has two r’s and two s’s but ‘harass’ has one r and two s’s.
- ‘Five million’ has six 0’s after 5.
Nouns : Gender
- My mother has lost her watch.
- The old man is telling stories of his childhood.
- The Duchess of York will be on a two-day visit.
- I went to see a movie with my cousin.
- A child came out of the house.
ইংরেজিতে gender চার রকম ।
- masculine gender – পà§à¦°à§à¦·à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• লিঙà§à¦—। যথা, man । (আরও উদাহরণ – boy, duke, nephew, brother, cock, bull, grandfather, son, husband, uncle, king, wizard ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।)
- feminine gender – সà§à¦¤à§à¦°à§€à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• লিঙà§à¦—। যথা, mother, duchess । (আরও উদাহরণ – girl, niece, sister, hen, cow, grandmother, daughter, wife, aunt, queen, witch ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।)                                                                            Â
- common gender – পà§à¦°à§à¦·à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• বা সà§à¦¤à§à¦°à§€à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• দà§à¦Ÿà§‹à¦‡ হতে পারে।  যথা, cousin, child । (আরও উদাহরণ - teacher, author, parent, magician, driver, employee, student ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿ ।)        Â
- neuter gender – পà§à¦°à§à¦·à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• বা সà§à¦¤à§à¦°à§€à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• কোনটাই নয় । যথা, watch, stories, childhood, visit, movie, house । (আরও উদাহরণ – school, fair, brick, stone, wave ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿à¥¤)
à¦à¦¬à¦¾à¦° à¦à¦‡  sentence গà§à¦²à§‹ দেখ ।
- India sacrificed many of her brave children during  freedom movement.
- The ship sank with all her crew on board.
- “And haply the Queen–Moon is on her throne.†(Ode to a Nightingale – John Keats)
- The sun opened his fierce eyes.
- “Peace hath her victories / No less renowned than war ;† (John Milton)
India, ship, Queen-Moon, sun, peace – à¦à¦‡à¦¸à¦¬ noun masculine বা  feminine কোনও শà§à¦°à§‡à¦£à§€à¦°à¦‡ অনà§à¦¤à¦°à§à¦—ত নয়, তবৠà¦à¦¦à§‡à¦° ওপর বà§à¦¯à¦•à§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤à§à¦¬ আরোপ (personification) করার ফলে à¦à¦°à¦¾  masculine / feminine gender রূপে কাজ করছে ।
মনে রাখা দরকার,
* যা-কিছৠজীবিত তা-ই masculine অথবা  feminine gender – à¦à¦° অনà§à¦¤à¦°à§à¦—ত । তবে নিমà§à¦¨à¦¬à¦°à§à¦—ীয় পà§à¦°à¦¾à¦£à§€à¦•ে সাধারণত neuter gender-à¦à¦° অনà§à¦¤à¦°à§à¦à§à¦•à§à¦¤ করা হয় । Ex :  The butterfly fluttered for some time; then it sat on the red rose.
* সাধারণত দেশ ও  জাহাজের কà§à¦·à§‡à¦¤à§à¦°à§‡ বà§à¦¯à¦•à§à¦¤à¦¿à¦¤à§à¦¬ আরোপ করে তাদের সà§à¦¤à§à¦°à§€à¦¬à¦¾à¦šà¦• বিশেষà§à¦¯ রূপে বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° করা হয় ।
* Neuter gender – à¦à¦° অনà§à¦¤à¦°à§à¦—ত অথচ কাঠিনà§à¦¯, শকà§à¦¤à¦¿, বিশালতা, হিংসà§à¦°à¦¤à¦¾ পà§à¦°à¦•াশ করে à¦à¦®à¦¨ কিছৠকিছৠnoun masculine gender বা পà§à¦‚বাচক লিঙà§à¦— রূপে বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à§ƒà¦¤ হয় ।   à¦à¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡ বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° করা হয় সাধারণত à¦à¦¾à¦·à¦¾à¦°  সৌনà§à¦¦à¦°à§à¦¯ ও  মাধà§à¦°à§à¦¯ বৃদà§à¦§à¦¿à¦° উদà§à¦¦à§‡à¦¶à§à¦¯à§‡, সব সময় নয় ।  Â
Ex : Â The sun opened his fierce eyes.
à¦à¦•ইà¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡, যেসব বসà§à¦¤à§ / à¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡  সৌনà§à¦¦à¦°à§à¦¯ , কোমলতা, মনোহারিতà§à¦¬  ইতà§à¦¯à¦¾à¦¦à¦¿  আরোপ করা হয়  তাদের feminine gender রূপে বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° করা হয় । Â
Ex :  “And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne.â€
* gender অনà§à¦¸à¦¾à¦°à§‡ pronoun à¦à¦¬à¦‚ possessive adjective- à¦à¦° পরিবরà§à¦¤à¦¨ হয় যেমন, he / she / it / his / her / its |
* নারীবাদী আনà§à¦¦à§‹à¦²à¦¨à§‡à¦° পà§à¦°à¦à¦¾à¦¬à§‡ বেশ কিছৠgender-neutral noun বা লিঙà§à¦—-নিরপেকà§à¦· বিশেষà§à¦¯ বরà§à¦¤à¦®à¦¾à¦¨à§‡ বà§à¦¯à¦¬à¦¹à¦¾à¦° করা হয় যার দà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦°à¦¾ পà§à¦°à§à¦· বা মহিলা উà¦à¦¯à¦¼à¦•েই বোà¦à¦¾à¦¨ হয়। কিছৠউদাহরণঃ
gender-specific nouns | gender-neutral nouns |
chairman, chairwoman | chair / chairperson |
 spokesman, spokeswoman | spokesperson |
salesman, saleswoman | salesperson |
fireman, firewoman | firefighter |
policeman, policewoman | police officer |
steward, stewardess | flight attendant |
newsman, newswoman | reporter |